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European Sociological Review

(《歐洲社會(huì)學(xué)評(píng)論》)

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歐洲社會(huì)學(xué)評(píng)論

-European Sociological Review-

Current issue

European Sociological Review publishes original research articles in all fields of Sociology. ESR is the flagship journal of the European Consortium for Sociological Research and shares in the Consortium's mission to foster sociological research that combines analytical theory and stringent empirical analysis to contribute to a cumulative and generalising body of knowledge on the social world.

Current issue

ESR 最新一期(Volume 41, Issue 6 December 2025)，包括了"Original Articles""Correction""Data Brief"三個(gè)欄目，詳情如下。

原版目錄

- European Sociological Review -

Original Articles

- European Sociological Review -

Does inequality undermine life satisfaction? Effective identification of country-level controls for a longitudinal investigation

David Bartram
Does increased economic inequality undermine people’s subjective well-being (SWB)? Longitudinal analyses ostensibly offer a good foundation for results that can be interpreted in causal terms, because the analytical design controls for time-constant differences between countries. But researchers must still consider what controls to include for time-varying variables. Researchers engaged with this topic generally focus their attention on controls for individual-level determinants of SWB. I argue (in part by pointing to results in previous research) that individual-level controls are not important for this question—instead, what is needed is more careful attention to the identification of time-varying country-level controls. A more plausible set of decisions leads to a more extensive set of country-level controls. Applying that perspective to an analysis of relatively wealthy countries during the period 1990 to 2019, one main finding is that the overall negative impact of economic inequality on life satisfaction is much smaller than what is evident in previous research. But there are important differences for income groups. The negative impact on lower earners is larger than the overall result. For higher earners rising income inequality leads to increased life satisfaction—a striking result that contrasts with previous research.

The role of social networks in institutional trust during economic downturns

Miranda J Lubbers
Citizens’ trust in institutions is crucial for the proper functioning of societies. While national economic performance is a key predictor of institutional trust, individuals’ perceptions of the economy—through which this influence is thought to operate— vary widely, suggesting that additional factors play a role in shaping these perceptions. One largely ignored factor is social networks. This paper argues that acquaintanceship networks expose individuals unevenly to the economic conditions of others, which in turns shapes their trust in institutions. Using Spain as a case study in the aftermath of the 2008–2014 financial crisis, the study examines how individuals’ network exposure to economic distress relates to their institutional trust. Data from a nationally representative survey show that network homogeneity results in uneven exposure to the crisis’s negative effects among individuals from different socioeconomic and age groups, potentially biasing their economic perceptions. Even when controlling for household income, employment status, education, age, and other variables, greater network exposure to distress remains significantly associated with lower institutional trust. These findings highlight the crucial role of social networks in institutional trust.

Is there a growing gender divide among young adults in regard to ideological left–right self-placement? Evidence from 32 European countries

Richard Nennstiel and Ansgar Hudde
Growing gender differences in political ideology among young people are a major concern because of their potential long-term societal implications. This study examines ideological shifts between young men and women in 32 European countries from 1990 to 2023, and how they are linked to societal levels of gender equality. Using data from several Eurobarometer surveys, we analyse the left–right self-placement of over 466,089 individuals aged 20–29. Using graphical analyses, regression models and age-period-cohort (APC) analyses, we find heterogeneity in the extent and development of ideological youth gender gaps. In 14 countries, the ideological positions of women and men are almost equal. In seven countries there is a modern youth gender gap in political ideology, with women being more left-wing than men. This has remained roughly stable since the 1990s. In 11 countries, a modern youth gender gap has emerged and/or widened over time. Finally, we find that modern youth gender gaps tend to be greater in countries with greater gender equality. The mainly small to moderate gender gaps—with important differences between countries—contradict the narrative of a strong and uniform shift towards a modern gender gap in political ideology among young adults.

Who perceives lower wages for women to be fair? How perceptions of the fairness of men’s and women’s wages vary by firm and workplace characteristics

Susanne Strauss and others
Previous research has shown that gender pay gaps are perceived as fair or justified, not only by men but also by women. In this paper we contribute to the discussion of a biased evaluation of fair wages and assess whether the organizational context has an impact on fairness perceptions. We use unique data from a vignette study that was part of a representative online survey of 5,556 employees in 532 larger firms (>?100 employees) in Germany which are merged to administrative data. This allows us to consider different contextual factors at both the workgroup level and the firm level. In contrast to older studies we find that women tend to evaluate wages of female workers as unfairly too low. Moreover, the perception of (un)fair wages depends on the organizational context. Female supervisors and collective bargaining agreements in firms increase the likelihood that female employees evaluate other women’s wages as unfairly low. When employees talk about their wages with their colleagues, they are more likely to judge the wages of co-workers as unfairly low.

Sexual harassment across occupations: new evidence from Swedish Nationally representative data

Olle Folke and Johanna Rickne
This paper describes sexual harassment risks from two groups of perpetrators in Swedish nationally representative survey data. We find that both women and men face elevated risks of intraorganizational sexual harassment from colleagues or managers when working in occupations dominated by the opposite sex. In contrast, they face elevated risks of extraorganizational harassment from outside groups like patients, customers, or clients when working in women-dominated occupations. Amounts of interpersonal contacts with potential perpetrators appears to be a relevant mechanism behind these patterns: gender minorities in occupations have more workplace interactions with individuals of the opposite sex, and workers in women-dominated occupations have more interactions with outside groups. The results also suggest that gender norms on occupation choice further contribute to the victimization of gender minorities at the hands of both perpetrator groups.

Who becomes a parent while jobless? On the importance of limited opportunities and the normalization of disadvantage

Dani?l van Wijk and others
In many developed countries, men and women postpone parenthood when they are jobless, but this relationship differs between subgroups. We hypothesize that stronger embeddedness in structures of disadvantage engenders a weaker adaptation of fertility behaviour to joblessness due to more limited opportunities in the labour market and the normalization of a disadvantage when it is widespread among relevant others. Using Dutch full-population register data, we select all persons born in the Netherlands between 1988 and 1990 and follow them from 2006 to 2019. An innovative combination of sources in the registers is used to measure the prevalence of joblessness among parents, siblings, neighbourhood peers, and former school peers. Event history models show that jobless men and women postpone first childbearing, but they do so to a lesser extent when they are lower educated and when disadvantage is more prevalent in the social environment.

Gendered beauty inequalities? A multiverse analysis of physical attractiveness, occupational gender-typicality and earnings in the German labour market

Reinhard Schunck and others
How do returns to physical attractiveness in the labour market vary depending on the alignment between an employee’s gender and the gender composition of their occupation? Research suggests that attractiveness often invokes gender-typical stereotypes. If these stereotypes imply a mismatch between what are considered to be necessary traits in an occupation and those which are ascribed to a person, this may lead to penalties for attractive individuals with a weak trait-job fit. To test this proposition, we combine longitudinal data from the German Family Panel (pairfam) including interviewer ratings of attractiveness with official statistics on occupational gender segregation. Employing a multiverse analysis across 6,912 model specifications, we consistently find positive associations between individuals’ attractiveness and their earnings for both women and men. However, we do not find evidence that attractive individuals face earnings penalties when employed in occupations typically dominated by the opposite gender.

The gendered effects of COVID-19 on well-being: a household perspective

Alexander Patzina and others
We investigate the causal effect of COVID-19 incidence rates on changes in subjective well-being, with a special focus on gender differences. Specifically, we employ a household-level perspective and hypothesize that household composition (i.e. single and multiperson households), childcare duties or caregiving obligations for older adults, and household wealth (i.e. housing quality and financial resources) moderate the effect of COVID-19 incidence rates on men and women differently. Employing longitudinal household data from the Panel Labour Market and Social Security (PASS) and a difference-in-differences (DiD) approach, we find an overall negative effect. This effect is stronger for individuals with caregiving responsibilities. In contrast to our theoretical expectations, our results indicate stronger negative effects of COVID-19 incidence on well-being among individuals from households with high living standards and high financial resources. Strikingly, our findings indicate that the relevant changes in negative subjective well-being are concentrated among women with childcare duties and informal caregiving responsibilities.

How perceived daycare quality shapes norms around daycare use and parental employment: experimental evidence from Germany

Marie-Fleur Philipp and others
Not only the quantity of formal daycare provision for young children, but also its quality has become an issue of political concern. This experimental study investigates how a hypothetical improvement in the perceived quality of daycare facilities shapes normative judgements regarding daycare use and working hours for parents with young children in Germany. The analysis is framed with theoretical concepts of ideals and accommodations of childcare and social norm theory. We draw on a factorial survey experiment implemented in 2019/2020 in the German Family Panel (pairfam) measuring underlying work-care norms for a couple with a 15-month-old child under different contextual conditions. Ordered logistic and linear multilevel regressions were conducted with 5,333 respondents. On average, high (vs. medium) hypothetical daycare quality for young children leads respondents to recommend greater daycare use and longer working hours for mothers and fathers by about 1 hour per week. Respondents who hold more egalitarian gender beliefs, those with tertiary education, native Germans and parents tend to respond more strongly to higher daycare quality by increasing their support for full-day daycare use. The results consistently point to the relevance of high quality for increasing the acceptance of formal daycare.

Correction

- European Sociological Review -

Correction to: How perceived daycare quality shapes norms around daycare use and parental employment: experimental evidence from Germany

European Sociological Review, Volume 41, Issue 6, December 2025, Page 982, https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaf023

This is a correction to: Marie-Fleur Philipp, Silke Büchau, Pia S Schober, Viktoria Werner, C Katharina Spiess, How perceived daycare quality shapes norms around daycare use and parental employment: experimental evidence from Germany, European Sociological Review, 2025, jcaf009, https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaf009

In the originally published version of this manuscript, the associated replication files were erroneously omitted from the supplementary material.

This error has been corrected.

Data Brief

- European Sociological Review -

The Generations and Gender Survey: a cross-national longitudinal resource

Anne H Gauthier and others
People's life trajectories and family dynamics have become increasingly complex, bringing shifts in fertility, gender equality, work-life balance, and economic stability. The scientific challenge is to capture these complexities and understand their causes and consequences. The Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) provides key insights into these developments, serving as a vital resource for researchers and policymakers. The GGS is a cross-national longitudinal survey collecting data on individuals aged 18 to 79 across topics such as union formation, fertility, household dynamics, work, well-being, and gender attitudes. Its key strengths include cross-national comparability, a panel design with prospective and retrospective data, large sample sizes, and multi-mode data collection. The GGS consists of two rounds: GGS-I, launched in the early 2000s in over 20 countries, established a foundation for comparative research, while GGS-II, started in 2020, builds on GGS-I with methodological innovations such as mixed-mode data collection and refreshed samples. This data brief provides an overview of the GGS, outlining its development, design, implementation, and key features. It also highlights the survey's contributions to demographic and social research, and explores the new research opportunities emerging with GGS-II.

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