衛(wèi)報雙語精讀TE-2023-05-06期考研英語雜志英文外刊|食肉動物之都（PDF版+Word版）

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Carnivore capital: Thehuntfor the perfect shot wherepolarbearsroam
食肉動物之都：在北極熊出沒的地方尋找完美的鏡頭
【1】Perched on the southern edge of the Arctic on the shores of Hudson bay, residents of the Canadian town of Churchill share their streets with the world’s largest land carnivore. Their regularencounterswithpolarbears haveearnedChurchill thenickname“polarbear capital of the world”. The bearsinhabitthe sea ice, but in summer, when the icemelts, they comeashoretoawaitthe next freeze in November. By October, several hundred arewanderingtowards the bay. Their path takes them past, or through, Churchill. The900or so residents are used to lookingcautiouslyaround corners and not walking after dark. But it’s the bears that could claim agrievance: the town was built on their annualmigratoryroute.
加拿大丘吉爾小鎮(zhèn)坐落于北極南端哈德遜灣岸邊，那里的居民與世界上最大的陸地食肉動物共享街道。因他們經(jīng)常與北極熊相遇，丘吉爾小鎮(zhèn)因此有了“世界北極熊之都”的綽號。北極熊棲息在海冰上，但在夏天，冰融化時，它們會上岸等待11月的下一次冰凍。到了10月，有幾百只北極熊游蕩到海灣。他們的路線經(jīng)過或穿過丘吉爾小鎮(zhèn)。大概900個居民習慣了小心翼翼地環(huán)顧角落，天黑后不外出閑逛。但北極熊們可能會抱怨：這個小鎮(zhèn)就建在它們每年的遷徙路線上。
【2】Churchill grew up around an18th-century fur-trading post, awhalingstationand a second world war USmilitarybase. During the cold war, the human population peaked at about5,000as themilitaryfacilitiesgrew. Therubbishdump thatsprangfrom thesefacilitiesattracted hungrypolarbears, and by the1960s they had become a public safety concern. On17November1968, apolarbearmauledand killed a19-year-old man.
丘吉爾小鎮(zhèn)是從18世紀的毛皮貿(mào)易站、捕鯨站和二戰(zhàn)時期的美國軍事基地發(fā)展起來的。冷戰(zhàn)期間，隨著軍事設施的增加，人口達到了5000人左右的峰值。這些設施產(chǎn)生的垃圾堆吸引了饑餓的北極熊，到20世紀60年代，北極熊已經(jīng)成為一個公共安全問題。1968年11月17日，一只北極熊抓傷并殺死了一名19歲的男子。
【3】When the USmilitarypulled out in1970, much of the town’s populationebbedaway. The bears became the only regular visitors, and those thatwanderedinto town were shot and killed on sight, sometimes as many as30a year. But in the late1970s, the relationship with the bears began to change. A Canadianbiologistand wildlifephotographer, Dan Guravich, arrived to produce afeaturefor the Smithsonian journal. Hecapturedthe usuallysolitarycreaturesrollingin thesnow, play fighting and roaming thetundra. When the story was published in February1978,journalists, photographers and TVcrewsbegan showing up. Tourists followed.
1970年美軍撤出后，該鎮(zhèn)的大部分人口都消失了。這些北極熊成了唯一的常客，人們一看見那些游蕩到鎮(zhèn)上的北極熊就射殺它們，有時一年多達30只。但在20世紀70年代末，人們與熊的關系開始發(fā)生變化。加拿大生物學家兼野生動物攝影師丹·古拉維奇（Dan Guravich）來到這里，為史密森尼雜志做了一期專題報道。他拍到這些通常孤獨的動物在雪地里打滾、打架和在凍原上游蕩。這篇報道在1978年2月發(fā)表后，記者、攝影師和電視工作人員開始出現(xiàn)。游客也來了。
【4】Locals describe those early,unregulateddays ofpolarbearphotographytrips as a northern “wild west”. Jacked-uptrucksdrove across thetundraandcoastline,harassingbears in search of the perfect shot. photographers and theirguidesused “blubber guns” that fired big pellets of fat to attract bears tospecificspots, and baited areas with seal meat.
當?shù)厝藢⒃缙诓皇芄苤频谋睒O熊攝影之旅描述為北方的“狂野西部”。加高的卡車駛過凍原和海岸線，為了尋求完美的鏡頭，不斷騷擾北極熊。攝影師和他們的導游使用“鯨脂槍”發(fā)射大粒脂肪來吸引熊到特定地點，并用海豹肉作為誘餌。
【5】Guravich suggested using a version of theswampbuggyhe had seen traversing the marshes of Louisiana. Len Smith, a localbusinessman, custom-built a vehicle he named thetundrabuggy. In1979, Smith took a National Geographic film crew andphotographerout in hisbuggy, and theresultingTV show and magazine storysealedthe deal onpolarbear tourism in Churchill. Smith built14more customised vehicles and a mobile “tundralodge” for guests. In2000, he sold the business to Frontiers North Adventures, founded by a family who had collaborated with him in the early days. Today, thetoursareregulated. Vehicles must stay on rough tracks left by themilitary, and three tour companies areallocatedpermits to serve wealthy tourists who arrive during the six-week “bear season”.
古拉維奇建議使用他曾在路易斯安那州見過的穿越沼澤時用的沼澤車。當?shù)厣倘巳R恩·史密斯（Len Smith）定制了一輛他命名為“凍原車”（tundrabuggy））的交通工具。1979年，史密斯帶著國家地理的一個攝制組和攝影師開著他的凍原車出去，所出品的電視節(jié)目和雜志故事敲定了丘吉爾小鎮(zhèn)的北極熊旅游生意。史密斯又為客人造了14輛定制車輛和一個移動的“凍原小屋”。2000年，他將生意賣給了北境探險（Frontier North Adventures）公司，這家公司是由一個早期與他合作過的家族創(chuàng)立的。如今，旅游受到了監(jiān)管。車輛必須行駛在軍隊留下的凹凸不平的道路上，三家旅游公司獲得許可，為沖著“北極熊季”到來的富有游客提供為期六周的服務。
【6】The question of whether the bears would be better left alonepromptsmuchdebate. With the icemeltingearlier in summer andforminglater in winter, many are spending more time on land, which increases the chances ofconflictwith humans. Some Churchill residents believe the bears have become bolder, perhaps because they arehungrier.
關于讓北極熊獨處是否會更好的問題引發(fā)了很多爭論。由于冰在初夏融化，在晚冬形成，許多北極熊在陸地上呆的時間更長，這增加了與人類發(fā)生沖突的機會。丘吉爾小鎮(zhèn)的一些居民認為，熊變得更大膽了，也許是因為它們更餓了。
【7】Arrivals at Churchill airport aregreetedby a large sign warning them not to feed or approach thepolarbears and never to walk at night. Localsroutinelyleave their carsunlockedto give people an escape from bearencounters. Those bears that are notscaredaway from the town’s few streets with “crackershells” (blanksfired by shotgun) are taken to “polarbearjail”, where they are held for up to30days before being tranquillised and taken byhelicopter90miles away from the town.
抵達丘吉爾機場的旅客會看到一個很大的標志，警告他們不要喂食或接近北極熊，也不要在夜間外出。當?shù)厝送ǔ２绘i車，這樣遇到北極熊時，人們就可以有個躲避的地方。那些沒有被“爆竹殼”（crackershells）（用獵槍發(fā)射的空彈）嚇跑的北極熊會被帶到“北極熊監(jiān)獄”，在那里它們會被關押30天，然后打上鎮(zhèn)靜劑，用直升機帶到離小鎮(zhèn)90英里遠的地方。
【8】Living withapexpredatorsposes challenges for residents, but it is thespectreof climate change thatloomsover Churchill. The number ofpolarbears in western Hudson bay has fallen by27% in five years, according to a recent government count from the air.polarbears need lots of body fat tosustainthemselves on land in summer, losing about1kg (2.2lb) a day. Female bears andcubshave an especially hard time. Alysa McCall, abiologistwithpolarBears International, a research andadvocacygroup in Churchill, says: “polarbears have become the poster-child of the environmental movement for good reason – the land theyinhabitisliterallymeltingbeneath their feet.”
對于這里的居民來說，與頂級捕食者共存，給他們帶來了挑戰(zhàn)，但籠罩在丘吉爾小鎮(zhèn)上空的卻是氣候變化帶來的的恐慌。根據(jù)政府最近的空中統(tǒng)計，哈德遜灣西部的北極熊數(shù)量在五年內(nèi)下降了27%。北極熊需要大量的體脂肪來維持夏天在陸地上的生存，每天減重大約1公斤（2.2磅）。母熊和幼熊的日子尤其艱難。阿麗莎·麥考爾（Alysa McCall）是丘吉爾研究和倡導組織“北極熊國際”的生物學家，她說：“北極熊成為環(huán)保運動的代表物是有充分理由的——它們棲息的土地正在它們腳下融化?！?/p>

1短語：

1.原文：Perched on the southern edge of the Arctic on the shores of Hudson Bay, residents of the Canadian town of Churchill share their streets with the world’s largest land carnivore.

詞典：perchon在……之上；棲息

例句：Whitlock wasperched onthe sill of the room's only window.

惠特洛克棲息在房里惟一窗子的窗臺上。

2.原文：The rubbish dump that sprang from these facilities attracted hungry polar bears, and by the 1960s they had become a public safety concern.

詞典：rubbish dump垃圾堆；碎石堆

例句：Her room is like arubbish dump.

她的房間像個垃圾堆。

詞典：spring from起源于，發(fā)源（于）……；來自……

例句：Where on earth did youspring from?

你究竟是從哪兒冒出來的？

3.原文：When the US military pulled out in 1970, much of the town’s population ebbed away.

詞典：pull out離開，撤離；拔出；渡過難關；恢復健康

例句：France was going topull outof NATO.

法國準備退出北大西洋公約組織。

詞典：ebbaway漸漸衰退；消失

例句：His little girl's lifeebbed away.

他小女兒的生命衰竭了。

4.原文：In 1979, Smith took a National Geographic film crew and photographer out in his buggy, and the resulting TV show and magazine story sealed the deal on polar bear tourism in Churchill.

詞典：sealthe deal搞定，簽署協(xié)議，達成協(xié)議

例句：Kinship ties foster trust, so they canseal the dealand get the umbrellas to Jakarta before the rainy season ends.

親緣關系的紐帶加強了彼此間的信任，因此他們可以達成交易，在雨季結(jié)束之前把傘運到雅加達。

5.原文：Those bears that are not scared away from the town’s few streets with “cracker shells” (blanks fired by shotgun) are taken to “polar bear jail”, where they are held for up to 30 days before being tranquillised and taken by helicopter 90 miles away from the town.

詞典：scareaway把……嚇跑

例句：Foreign resource extractors are queuing up. But high wage costs havescared awayother investors.

外國礦業(yè)公司正在排隊等候著，但過高的工酬成為已經(jīng)嚇退其他一些投資者。

2長難句

1. 原文：Withthe ice melting earlier in summer and forming later in winter, manyare spending more time on land, whichincreases the chances of conflict withhumans.

分析：本句非限定性定語從句。開頭“With”后接復合結(jié)構“with + 名詞（或代詞）+ 現(xiàn)在分詞”，表示原因、伴隨狀態(tài)表示伴隨條件，“was produced by”是被動語態(tài)；“many”是主語，后面省略了“polar bears”，“are spending”是謂語，為“be+doing”現(xiàn)在進行時；“which”引導非限定性定語從句，在從句中做主語，指代前面提到的情況；“with”是介詞，表示“和、與”。

譯文：由于冰在初夏融化，在晚冬形成，許多北極熊在陸地上呆的時間更長，這增加了與人類發(fā)生沖突的機會。

2.原文：Those bearsthat are not scared away from the town’s few streets with“cracker shells” (blanks fired by shotgun)are takento “polar bear jail”, wherethey are held for up to 30 days before being tranquillised and taken by helicopter 90 miles away from the town.

分析：本句包含兩個定語從句，“Those bears”是主語，也是先行詞；“with”是介詞，表示伴隨狀態(tài)；“that”引導定語從句，對先行詞進行解釋說明修飾；“are taken”是主句的謂語，“be+done”是被動語態(tài)結(jié)構；“polar bear jail”是主句的賓語，也是“where”引導的定語從句的先行詞，關系副詞where在非限制性定語從句中作地點狀語,指代前面表示地點的詞語，定語從句對先行詞進行解釋說明。

譯文：那些沒有被“爆竹殼”（cracker shells）(用獵槍發(fā)射的空彈)嚇跑的北極熊會被帶到“北極熊監(jiān)獄”，在那里它們會被關押30天，然后打上鎮(zhèn)靜劑，用直升機帶到離小鎮(zhèn)90英里遠的地方。

3背景知識：

加拿大丘吉爾小鎮(zhèn)號稱“北極熊之都”，這里沒有公路，只能坐火車或者飛機。作為加拿大最北的小鎮(zhèn)，丘吉爾城靠近北極圈，是看極光的天堂，一年大約有300天可以看到極光。正為如此，人們都對這個神秘小鎮(zhèn)充滿著好奇和探險欲望。 由于強烈的好奇心與力量優(yōu)勢，很多北極熊會對當?shù)鼐用竦纳顜砀鞣N麻煩。在經(jīng)歷了多起北極熊傷人事件后，小鎮(zhèn)決定將一座空軍基地改建為“熊監(jiān)獄”，來關押那些調(diào)皮搗蛋的“熊孩子”。

段落大意：

【1】加拿大丘吉爾小鎮(zhèn)，那里的居民與世界上最大的陸地食肉動物北極熊共享街道。

【2】丘吉爾小鎮(zhèn)的發(fā)展歷史和北極熊曾帶來的安全問題。

【3】北極熊曾因游蕩到鎮(zhèn)上被射殺，有時一年多達30只。但在20世紀70年代末，由于加拿大的一位生物學家兼野生動物攝影師為史密森尼雜志做的一期專題報道，人們與熊的關系開始發(fā)生變化。

【4】為了尋求完美的鏡頭，人們不斷騷擾北極熊。

【5】丘吉爾小鎮(zhèn)的北極熊旅游生意的誕生和發(fā)展。

【6】關于讓北極熊獨處是否會更好的問題引發(fā)了很多爭論。

【7】為了應對北極熊的出沒，人們采取了措施。

【8】丘吉爾小鎮(zhèn)上空氣候變化帶來的恐慌。

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