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期刊介紹：

“Geneva Papers on Risk & Insurance- Issues and Practice”創(chuàng)刊于1976年，是日內(nèi)瓦協(xié)會主辦的一本國際學(xué)術(shù)期刊，聚焦保險經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的前沿?zé)狳c問題，旨在為保險學(xué)術(shù)界和業(yè)界專業(yè)人士之間的交流提供橋梁，提升保險業(yè)的專業(yè)知識。該刊為季刊，每年4期，每期發(fā)表文章10篇左右，2024年影響因子為2。

本期看點：

●“戰(zhàn)爭除外責(zé)任”的網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊保險：引入一種包含政府參與的多層次保險安排，可以在發(fā)生網(wǎng)絡(luò)戰(zhàn)爭時為受害者提供更有保障的賠償機(jī)制，同時也能在合理范圍內(nèi)限制保險公司的風(fēng)險敞口。

●保險合同法中的如實告知義務(wù)與個人隱私保護(hù)：在私人健康保險承保過程中，是否以及在多大程度上應(yīng)當(dāng)對新技術(shù)在私人健康保險風(fēng)險評估中的應(yīng)用設(shè)定法律限制。

●歐盟引入新的人工智能應(yīng)用法律與責(zé)任框架有助于保險公司更好地評估AI相關(guān)風(fēng)險，法律不確定性、逆向選擇和道德風(fēng)險仍可能持續(xù)存在，甚至加劇。

●保險業(yè)中機(jī)器人顧問日益廣泛應(yīng)用的背景下，如何規(guī)范保險分銷、人工智能和數(shù)字服務(wù)的監(jiān)管框架，以及這些框架如何適用于自動化咨詢工具。

●保險比價平臺的法律責(zé)任與監(jiān)管框架，比價平臺如何提升風(fēng)險評估和理賠管理。

●保險需求的“雙峰曲線”：其中兩個高彈性階段分別出現(xiàn)在19世紀(jì)末的人壽保險合同大規(guī)模擴(kuò)張（應(yīng)對死亡風(fēng)險），以及20世紀(jì)后期向儲蓄型產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)變的時期。

●保險公司在員工關(guān)系上的投資：投資水平與財務(wù)表現(xiàn)呈正相關(guān)，規(guī)模較小、資本較低的保險公司收益最大

●保險產(chǎn)品的可持續(xù)性屬性：消費者對可持續(xù)保險產(chǎn)品有著強(qiáng)烈的偏好，即便在價格水平較高的情況下，這種偏好依然存在。

Special Issue on Legal and Economic Issues of Digital Technologies in Insurance

保險業(yè)中數(shù)字技術(shù)的法律與經(jīng)濟(jì)問題特刊

作者

Christophe Courbage（日內(nèi)瓦商學(xué)院，瑞士西瑞士應(yīng)用科技大學(xué)（HES-SO）），Piotr Tereszkiewicz（波蘭克拉科夫雅蓋隆大學(xué)）

保險行業(yè)的數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型不僅僅是技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的問題，它更是一場深刻的變革，觸及了法律、經(jīng)濟(jì)以及倫理等基礎(chǔ)性問題。隨著人工智能（AI）、大數(shù)據(jù)和自動化系統(tǒng)等數(shù)字工具逐漸成為承保、理賠、風(fēng)險建模和分銷等保險核心職能的關(guān)鍵要素，它們正在改變保險業(yè)的運作方式。本期The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance特刊從法律和經(jīng)濟(jì)的角度審視這些變化，特別關(guān)注數(shù)字化所帶來的新型監(jiān)管與治理挑戰(zhàn)。本刊收錄了多篇論文，這些論文最初發(fā)表于2024年6月13–14日在克拉科夫舉行的第20屆歐洲法律與經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)會（EALE）與日內(nèi)瓦協(xié)會聯(lián)合研討會上。

數(shù)字技術(shù)為保險業(yè)帶來了巨大潛力。自動化和人工智能能夠提升效率、降低交易成本，并支持更精細(xì)的風(fēng)險分層；大數(shù)據(jù)和數(shù)字平臺能夠拓展金融普惠性，通過觸達(dá)服務(wù)不足的市場并提供個性化保險方案來擴(kuò)大覆蓋面。然而，這些收益同時伴隨著重大風(fēng)險，包括算法偏見、網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全隱患、隱私喪失、監(jiān)管套利，以及在一個人類、機(jī)器與國家行為體界限日益模糊的世界中關(guān)于可保性的一系列根本性問題。

現(xiàn)有的法律與監(jiān)管體系正努力跟上這些變化。傳統(tǒng)的保險法與金融監(jiān)管規(guī)則往往無法覆蓋數(shù)字化所帶來的新型風(fēng)險及其與客戶交互的新方式。政策制定者面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是如何在支持創(chuàng)新的同時，不削弱信任、透明度和金融穩(wěn)定性。此外，這些變化的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響同樣深遠(yuǎn)，涉及保險公司如何制定價格、參與市場競爭，以及在公共與私人部門之間如何分擔(dān)風(fēng)險。

本特刊中的前五篇論文為保險業(yè)數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型所帶來的挑戰(zhàn)提供了及時且深刻的見解。每一篇文章都探討了這一轉(zhuǎn)型的特定方面，揭示了隨著技術(shù)不斷重塑保險格局而出現(xiàn)的法律沖突、監(jiān)管不足與制度復(fù)雜性。

本特刊傳遞的一個核心信息是：需要在法律規(guī)則、經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵與技術(shù)創(chuàng)新之間實現(xiàn)更好協(xié)調(diào)。隨著保險越來越依賴數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動和自動化，監(jiān)管者與政策制定者必須確保體系依然公平、透明且可及。這要求保險公司、立法者、技術(shù)開發(fā)者與學(xué)者之間保持持續(xù)對話。

展望未來，保險業(yè)數(shù)字工具的監(jiān)管方式將塑造二十一世紀(jì)社會風(fēng)險的管理方式。我們希望本特刊能夠激發(fā)對這些重大問題的進(jìn)一步研究與討論。

※ 本期目錄

●Insuring the “uninsurable” cyberwarfare: rethinking war exclusions in cyber policies and the role of insurance in global cybersecurity governance

●The collection and processing of health data upon conclusion of private health insurance contracts in the digital age

●The insurability of AI-related risks: implications from the recent legislation in the European Union

●Robo-advisory services in the insurance sector under the EU regulatory framework

●Digital platforms and the requirements of the IDD and of solvency II, in particular with regard to the duties of a platform operator to provide information and advice—a German perspective

●Insurance demand: a historical long-run perspective (1850–2020)

●Consumer perceptions and purchasing behavior of sustainable insurance products

●Addressing the talent crisis in the insurance industry: Does investment in employee relations pay off?

Insuring the “uninsurable” cyberwarfare: rethinking war exclusions in cyber policies and the role of insurance in global cybersecurity governancen

承�！安豢杀！钡木W(wǎng)絡(luò)戰(zhàn)爭風(fēng)險：重新思考網(wǎng)絡(luò)保險中的戰(zhàn)爭除外條款及保險在全球網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全治理中的角色

作者

Qihao He（中國政法大學(xué)比較法學(xué)院），Michael Faure（馬斯特里赫特大學(xué)法學(xué)院METRO；鹿特丹伊拉斯姆斯大學(xué)法學(xué)院鹿特丹法律與經(jīng)濟(jì)研究所），Chun-Yuan Chen（國立政治大學(xué)風(fēng)險管理與保險學(xué)系）

摘要：This paper examines the insurance of cyber-related risks, concentrating on cyberattacks that fall under the war exclusion in insurance contracts. We argue that though it is understandable that insurers include war exclusions to limit their risk exposure, this seriously limits the availability of cover when it is most needed. One of the problems is that insurers do not engage as often in risk differentiation as is predicted by the theory holding that insurance is a governance system. We therefore argue that there is an important role for governments to play, similar to other major risks like natural catastrophes and terrorism where the state often acts as a reinsurer of last resort. This paper argues that a multilayered insurance arrangement with governments could play an important role in guaranteeing substantial compensation to victims in case of cyberwar, while also reasonably limiting the risk exposure of insurance companies.

本文探討了網(wǎng)絡(luò)相關(guān)風(fēng)險的保險問題，重點關(guān)注在保險合同中被納入戰(zhàn)爭除外責(zé)任的網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊。我們認(rèn)為，盡管保險公司為限制風(fēng)險敞口而設(shè)置戰(zhàn)爭除外條款有其合理性，但這種做法在最需要保障的時候嚴(yán)重限制了保險的可得性。問題之一在于，保險公司并未像保險治理理論所預(yù)測的那樣，頻繁地運用風(fēng)險差異化手段。因此，本文提出政府在其中應(yīng)發(fā)揮重要作用，這與自然災(zāi)害和恐怖主義等重大風(fēng)險相似，在這些領(lǐng)域中，國家往往充當(dāng)最后的再保險人。我們進(jìn)一步主張，引入一種包含政府參與的多層次保險安排，可以在發(fā)生網(wǎng)絡(luò)戰(zhàn)爭時為受害者提供更有保障的賠償機(jī)制，同時也能在合理范圍內(nèi)限制保險公司的風(fēng)險敞口。

原文鏈接：https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41288-025-00346-3

The collection and processing of health data upon conclusion of private health insurance contracts in the digital age

數(shù)字時代私人健康保險合同中的健康數(shù)據(jù)收集與處理

作者

Nele Stroobants（魯汶大學(xué)）

摘要：This paper focuses on the tension between the duty to disclose, required by insurance contract law, obliging the potential policyholder to disclose all health-related information relevant to the insurer's risk assessment, and the protection of the potential insured’s privacy and personal data. This tension is ever increasing in the digital age as insurers have access to more information sources and more possibilities to process data. The aim of the paper is to determine whether and to what extent legal limits should be placed on the use of new technologies for risk assessment in private health insurance. In doing so, a balance is sought between the interests of the parties involved. These interests consist of the need for access to private health insurance (in particular, of potential insureds with a higher health risk) and the protection of potential insureds’ privacy and personal data on the one hand, and insurers’ need for information to match premiums and conditions of coverage to the insured risk on the other hand.

本文聚焦于保險合同法所要求的如實告知義務(wù)與潛在被保險人隱私和個人數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)之間的緊張關(guān)系。根據(jù)保險合同法，潛在投保人有義務(wù)披露所有與保險人風(fēng)險評估相關(guān)的健康信息，而這一要求在數(shù)字時代日益引發(fā)矛盾，因為保險人能夠獲取更多的信息來源并具備更強(qiáng)的數(shù)據(jù)處理能力。本文的目標(biāo)是探討是否以及在多大程度上應(yīng)當(dāng)對新技術(shù)在私人健康保險風(fēng)險評估中的應(yīng)用設(shè)定法律限制。在此過程中，本文力求在相關(guān)各方的利益之間尋求平衡：一方面是潛在被保險人對私人健康保險的可及性需求（尤其是高健康風(fēng)險人群）以及其隱私與個人數(shù)據(jù)的保護(hù)；另一方面是保險人獲取信息的需求，以便將保費與保障條件與所承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險相匹配。

原文鏈接：https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41288-025-00348-1

The insurability of AI-related risks: implications from the recent legislation in the European Union

人工智能相關(guān)風(fēng)險的可保性：來自歐盟最新立法的啟示

作者

Shu Li（鹿特丹伊拉斯姆斯大學(xué)），Michael Faure（鹿特丹伊拉斯姆斯大學(xué)/馬斯特里赫特大學(xué)）

摘要：In recent years, the EU has been focussing on adapting its regulatory and liability regime to the challenges presented by various AI applications. The new legal framework will generate profound influence, not only on deterrence effects but also on demand for financial coverage. Insurance will continue to play an indispensable role in terms of shifting the different risks posed by AI. However, it remains unclear how the conditions of insurability will be improved or even worsened in the aftermath of new legislation. This article provides a comprehensive analysis to unveil how the new regulation and liability regime in the EU can help insurers to properly assess AI risks and, more importantly, explains the extent to which the new rules can still reduce the foreseeability of risks by presenting additional legal/casual uncertainties and adverse selection and moral hazard problems.

近年來，歐盟一直致力于調(diào)整其監(jiān)管和責(zé)任制度，以應(yīng)對各種人工智能應(yīng)用所帶來的挑戰(zhàn)。新的法律框架不僅將在威懾效應(yīng)上產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)影響，也會對金融保障的需求產(chǎn)生重大作用。保險將在分散人工智能所帶來的不同風(fēng)險方面繼續(xù)發(fā)揮不可或缺的作用。然而，新立法出臺后，可保性的條件究竟會得到改善還是惡化，仍不確定。本文提供了系統(tǒng)的分析，揭示歐盟新的監(jiān)管和責(zé)任框架如何幫助保險人更準(zhǔn)確地評估人工智能風(fēng)險，更重要的是，解釋這些新規(guī)則在多大程度上可能因增加法律和因果關(guān)系上的不確定性，以及帶來逆向選擇和道德風(fēng)險問題，反而降低風(fēng)險的可預(yù)見性。

原文鏈接：https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41288-025-00352-5

Robo-advisory services in the insurance sector under the EU regulatory framework

歐盟監(jiān)管框架下保險業(yè)中的機(jī)器人投顧服務(wù)

作者

Piotr Tereszkiewicz（波蘭克拉科夫雅蓋隆大學(xué)），Szymon Skalski（波蘭克拉科夫雅蓋隆大學(xué)）

摘要：The paper explores robo-advisors under the European Union regulatory framework in the insurance sector. The article aims to analyse the framework established at the EU level with a view to its assumptions and possible implications for the self-determination of users deploying the services of robo-advisors. Specifically, the article analyses how the EU regulatory framework promotes or hinders user self-determination in deploying robo-advisory services. The article sets out by examining technological foundations of robo-advisors and their data-driven decision-making processes. Subsequently, it analyses respective EU legal frameworks governing robo-advisors and assesses user online experience, from the initial login to receiving product recommendations or referrals to different providers. In conclusion, the article analyses different regulatory approaches with a view to ensuring a high level of protection for user of robo-advisory services in the insurance sector.

本文探討了在歐洲聯(lián)盟監(jiān)管框架下，保險行業(yè)中機(jī)器人投顧（robo-advisors）的應(yīng)用。文章旨在分析歐盟層面建立的監(jiān)管框架，重點考察其制度假設(shè)及其對使用機(jī)器人投顧服務(wù)的用戶自決權(quán)可能產(chǎn)生的影響。具體而言，文章分析了歐盟監(jiān)管框架在多大程度上促進(jìn)或阻礙了用戶在使用機(jī)器人投顧服務(wù)時的自主決策。文章首先審視了機(jī)器人投顧的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)及其數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動的決策過程；隨后分析了規(guī)范機(jī)器人投顧的相關(guān)歐盟法律框架，并評估用戶的在線體驗，從最初的登錄到接收產(chǎn)品推薦或被引導(dǎo)至其他服務(wù)提供商。最后，文章比較了不同的監(jiān)管路徑，旨在確保保險業(yè)機(jī)器人投顧用戶能夠獲得較高水平的保護(hù)。

原文鏈接：https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41288-025-00358-z

Digital platforms and the requirements of the IDD and of solvency II, in particular with regard to the duties of a platform operator to provide information and advice—a German perspective

數(shù)字平臺與《保險分銷指令》（IDD）和《償付能力II指令》的要求——尤其關(guān)于平臺運營方在提供信息和咨詢方面的義務(wù)：德國視角

作者

Christian Armbrüster（英國倫敦）

摘要：This article explores the legal implications of digital platforms in the insurance sector, with a focus on the duties of platform operators to provide information and advice from a German perspective. Insurance comparison platforms function as intermediaries, necessitating a business license, as German law recognizes only brokers and agents. Since comparing insurance products qualifies as brokerage, platform operators are subject to corresponding obligations and liabilities. They must disclose if significant market segments, such as direct insurers, are excluded from rankings. If an operator excludes the ongoing duty to advise policyholders, this responsibility shifts to the insurer. Insurers may operate comparison platforms as non-insurance businesses under Art. 18(1) of the Solvency II Directive. The scope exception in Art. 3(5) of the Digital Content Directive applies to both insurance comparison and embedded insurance platforms. While sector-specific rules are justified in some cases, such as under the Digital Content Directive, they are not in others. Non-compliance with Art. 18 and 20 of the IDD may result in injunctive relief from competitors. Additionally, digital platforms can enhance risk assessment and claims settlement processes.

本文從德國的視角探討了保險行業(yè)中數(shù)字平臺的法律影響，重點關(guān)注平臺運營方在提供信息和咨詢方面的義務(wù)。保險比價平臺作為中介機(jī)構(gòu)運作，因此需要獲得營業(yè)執(zhí)照，因為德國法律只承認(rèn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人和代理人的身份。由于保險產(chǎn)品比較構(gòu)成經(jīng)紀(jì)行為，平臺運營方需承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的義務(wù)和責(zé)任。例如，他們必須披露排名中是否排除了重要的市場主體（如直銷保險公司）。如果運營方排除了對投保人的持續(xù)咨詢義務(wù)，該責(zé)任則轉(zhuǎn)移至保險公司。根據(jù)《償付能力II指令》第18(1)條，保險公司可以將比價平臺作為非保險業(yè)務(wù)來經(jīng)營�！稊�(shù)字內(nèi)容指令》第3(5)條的適用范圍例外同時涉及保險比價平臺和嵌入式保險平臺。雖然在某些情況下（如《數(shù)字內(nèi)容指令》下）特定行業(yè)規(guī)則是合理的，但在其他情況下則未必如此。不遵守《保險分銷指令》第18和20條可能導(dǎo)致競爭對手提起禁令救濟(jì)。此外，數(shù)字平臺還可在風(fēng)險評估和理賠處理流程中發(fā)揮積極作用。

原文鏈接：https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41288-025-00350-7

Insurance demand: a historical long-run perspective (1850–2020)

保險需求：一個歷史的長期視角（1850–2020）

作者

Sebastian Kohl（柏林自由大學(xué)），Matthias R?mer（柏林自由大學(xué)）

摘要：Existing research on how international insurance demand varies with income is largely driven by cross-sectional variation post-1970. Drawing on newly collected historical long-run data on life insurance premiums starting as early as 1850 to 2020 for 20 OECD countries, we evaluate the ‘S-Curve’ predicting insurance demand as each country transitions through different income levels. In contrast to predictions in the literature, we reject the ‘S-curve’, but identify a two-bump curve with two high-elasticity episodes, one driven by a massive expansion of life insurance contracts at the end of the 19th century to ensure mortality risks and the other in the late 20th century driven by a shift to savings products. This could imply that the longitudinal catching-up process of countries with low insurance density may be steeper than what the cross-sectional ‘S-Curve’ would suggest.

現(xiàn)有關(guān)于國際保險需求與收入關(guān)系的研究，大多依賴于1970年之后的橫截面數(shù)據(jù)。本文基于新收集的長期歷史數(shù)據(jù)，涵蓋1850年至2020年間20個經(jīng)合組織（OECD）國家的人壽保險保費，評估了預(yù)測保險需求的“S曲線”，該曲線假定各國在收入水平變化過程中會呈現(xiàn)相似的保險需求路徑。與文獻(xiàn)中的預(yù)測相反，我們的研究否定了“S曲線”，但識別出一條“雙峰曲線”。其中兩個高彈性階段分別出現(xiàn)在19世紀(jì)末的人壽保險合同大規(guī)模擴(kuò)張（應(yīng)對死亡風(fēng)險），以及20世紀(jì)后期向儲蓄型產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)變的時期。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，保險密度較低國家的縱向追趕過程，可能比橫截面分析所預(yù)測的“S曲線”更為陡峭。

原文鏈接：https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41288-024-00339-8

Consumer perceptions and purchasing behavior of sustainable insurance products

消費者對可持續(xù)保險產(chǎn)品的認(rèn)知與購買行為

作者

Jonas R. Jahnert（瑞士圣加侖大學(xué)，保險經(jīng)濟(jì)研究所），Hato Schmeiser（瑞士圣加侖大學(xué)，保險經(jīng)濟(jì)研究所），Meike Zehnle（瑞士圣加侖大學(xué)，保險經(jīng)濟(jì)研究所）

摘要：Insurers are beginning to change their business practices and add sustainable attributes to their insurance products. However, little is known about consumers’ reactions to such sustainable attributes in insurance contracts. In three surveys, of which the main study is incentive compatible, we investigate how sustainable attributes affect consumers’ purchase decisions and examine the mediating roles of trust, quality, brand image and perceived consumer effectiveness on purchase intentions. Our results provide converging evidence of a strong preference for sustainable insurance products. Surprisingly, this preference exists even at higher price levels. This can be explained by improved perceptions of the insurance company in terms of brand equity, product quality, and perceived consumer effectiveness.

保險公司正在逐步調(diào)整其業(yè)務(wù)實踐，并在保險產(chǎn)品中加入可持續(xù)性屬性。然而，消費者對保險合同中此類可持續(xù)屬性的反應(yīng)仍知之甚少。本文基于三項調(diào)查（其中一項為激勵相容的主研究），探討了可持續(xù)性屬性如何影響消費者的購買決策，并考察了信任、質(zhì)量、品牌形象以及感知消費者效能在購買意愿中的中介作用。研究結(jié)果一致表明，消費者對可持續(xù)保險產(chǎn)品有著強(qiáng)烈的偏好。令人意外的是，即便在價格水平較高的情況下，這種偏好依然存在。這一現(xiàn)象可以通過消費者對保險公司在品牌價值、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量以及感知效能方面的改善認(rèn)知來解釋。

原文鏈接：https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41288-025-00345-4

Addressing the talent crisis in the insurance industry: Does investment in employee relations pay off?

應(yīng)對保險行業(yè)的人才危機(jī)：員工關(guān)系投資是否值得？

作者

Xin Che（美國加州州立大學(xué)）

摘要：The US insurance industry is facing a critical talent crisis that demands immediate attention. Utilizing a specialized reporting requirement, our study delves into US property-liability insurance companies’ investments in their employee relations and evaluates the influence of these investments on their financial outcomes. Our study reveals a positive correlation, with a standard deviation increase in investment (USD 4.18 million for an average insurer) correlating with a 0.36% rise in return on assets and a 1.10% rise in return on equity. Various tests, including a difference-in-differences event study, validate these findings. Additional tests demonstrate that benefits slightly diminish at higher investment levels but remain significant. Smaller, less capitalized insurers gain the most.

美國保險行業(yè)正面臨一場亟需關(guān)注的人才危機(jī)。本文利用一項專門的報告要求，研究了美國財產(chǎn)與意外保險公司在員工關(guān)系上的投資，并評估了這些投資對財務(wù)結(jié)果的影響。研究結(jié)果顯示，投資水平與財務(wù)表現(xiàn)呈正相關(guān)：投資增加一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差（平均保險公司為418萬美元）會帶來資產(chǎn)回報率（ROA）上升0.36%，股本回報率（ROE）上升1.10%。通過差分法事件研究等多種測試驗證了這一結(jié)果。進(jìn)一步分析表明，投資水平較高時收益略有下降，但仍具有顯著性。規(guī)模較小、資本較低的保險公司收益最大。

原文鏈接：https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41288-025-00351-6

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