甘肅
牛鑒：前總督兩江等處地方提督軍務、糧饟、操江、統(tǒng)轄南河事務、兵部尚書兼都察院右都御史、兼管兩淮鹽政牛鑒書《重修開封府城碑記》
《重修開封府城碑記·碑文》
Inscription on the Reconstruction of the City Walls of Kaifeng Prefecture
前兵部侍郎、兼都察院右副都御史、巡撫河南等處地方兼提督銜；前總督兩江等處地方提督軍務、糧饟、操江、統(tǒng)轄南河事務、兵部尚書兼都察院右都御史、兼管兩淮鹽政牛鑒書
Former Vice Minister of War; concurrently Right Vice Censor-in-Chief of the Censorate; Governor of Henan with the rank of Commander-General;
Former Viceroy of Liangjiang overseeing military affairs, grain transport, Jiang River patrol, and the administration of the Southern Canal;
Minister of War and concurrently Right Censor-in-Chief of the Censorate;
also Superintendent of the Liang-Huai Salt Administration.
Inscribed by JianNiu .
中文繁體：
《重修河南省城碑記》
中州左右齊晉，拱翼神京，為西南屏蔽，省治居其中，地尤雄勝，其城始于建于唐李勉。趙宋以後，或廓而增或圯而復，至於明季巨敘，馮陵濁波，引灌而遺址殆盡矣。
聖朝龍興，寳始重建，其地即宋之內京城也，周二十里有奇厥，勢巍壯然，自茲垂二百年，惟乾隆初元當一整葺，未遑大修也。道光二十一年夏六月，河波張灣，潰護隄而入環(huán)城，四周降流起涌，幾凌于埤堄，前撫部牛公，身當水衝，率吏民晝夜乘墉，以守先數月，余奉諱還，京逯河警，上聞聞銜。
命重來至，即乘舟登城，從半公竭力捍禦，時方大汛，砰訇盪擊揚沮，所及城墮壞者，動輒數十百丈，蓋瀕危而獲，全者數矣牛公總制兩江去余接署巡撫事，旋從搴交之役，
明年二月河復而城之，在巨浸中巳二百餘日，屏墉穨毀，積沙壅其外，將謀修復，工鉅非常，費無所出。知關封府事鄒君鳴鶴，舉鄉(xiāng)之搢紳，前襄陽府知府王君，前福建閩縣知縣張君等，集議僉以捐輸，請余惟。
國家恩澤，涵濡此邦，俗蓋醇厚，蓋好義勸，功其志然也，遂以奏上，如所議行數月，而貲大集乃備物，用與人徒百堵偕作城舊，髙二丈四尺今增髙一丈，又益女牆六尺。
城之西北隅，全西圯及南閒段圮，其裹六百丈，有奇皆重築焉，旁榦題楨，長栽短踰，悉用古版，築法滌外，垣之沙而更甃之重，建五門及內西門升髙一丈，宋門湔洞升之三尺而開渠，達於惠濟河月城，及城樓廟宇之屬，均復其舊。自二十二年三月興土明年九月告成。
凡用瑚八百六十萬；麒二百六十六萬；以斥計八千萬他竹木；鐵石之需稱是，計縻制錢以貫百二十六萬；有奇白金以兩萬七千，有奇猶有餘財，累數十萬，以濬池濠，築護隄，復貢院，次第悉舉是皆。
聖徳感字都人士，遐通胥勸，展柔錯事，榮力羣效，而于乃籍手，以有成也，民生于焉，安業(yè)朙神子焉，秩祀滅司百屬于焉，復其常職子，旣幸受其成，又以為異，時求地志者，必將有攷於斯也，于是乎書其藩臬兩使，以下及汴士大夫有勞者，前以名入告。
詔書褒勵，備矣具終始，厥事如鄔君先從，禦河繼總城築，勤勞尤至王張二君，勸分節(jié)用，亦其亞也！依古金石之例，宜并書焉！
兵部侍郎、兼都察院右副都御史、巡撫河南等處地方兼提智銜、長白鄂順安撰。
前兩江總督（總督兩江等處地方提督軍務、糧饟、操江、統(tǒng)轄南河事務、兵部尚書兼都察院右都御史、兼管兩淮鹽政）、河南巡撫（兵部侍郎、兼都察院右副都御史、巡撫河南等處地方兼提督銜）武威牛鑑書。
道光二十四年嵗次甲辰十月上浣吉旦。
中文簡體：
《重修河南省城碑記》
中州左右齊晉，拱翼神京，為西南屏蔽，省治居其中，地尤雄勝，其城始建于唐李勉。
趙宋以后，或廓而增，或圮而復，至于明季巨敘，馮陵濁波，引灌而遺址殆盡矣。
圣朝龍興，寶始重建，其地即宋之內京城也，周二十里有奇厥，勢巍壯然。自茲垂二百年，惟乾隆初元當一整葺，未遑大修也。
道光二十一年夏六月，河波張灣，潰護堤而入環(huán)城，四周降流起涌，幾凌于埤堄。
前撫部牛公，身當水沖，率吏民晝夜乘墉，以守先數月。余奉詔還京，逯河警，上聞聞，命重來至，即乘舟登城，從半（牛）公竭力捍御。
時方大汛，砰訇蕩擊，揚沮所及，城墮壞者，動輒數十百丈，蓋瀕危而獲全者數矣。
牛公總制兩江去，余接署巡撫事，旋從搴交之役。明年二月河復，而城之在巨浸中已二百余日，屏墉頹毀，積沙壅其外。將謀修復，工鉅非常，費無所出。
知關封府事鄒君鳴鶴，舉鄉(xiāng)之搢紳，前襄陽府知府王君、前福建閩縣知縣張君等集議，僉以捐輸，請余惟。國家恩澤涵濡此邦，俗蓋醇厚，好義勸功，其志然也。
遂以奏上，如所議行。數月而貲大集，乃備物，用與人徒百堵偕作。
城舊高二丈四尺，今增高一丈，又益女墻六尺。
城之西北隅、全西圮及南閑段圮，其里六百丈有奇，皆重筑焉。旁干題楨，長栽短踰，悉用古版，筑法滌外垣之沙而更甃之。
重建五門及內西門，升高一丈；宋門湔洞升之三尺而開渠，達于惠濟河；月城及城樓廟宇之屬，均復其舊。
自二十二年三月興土，明年九月告成。
凡用瑚八百六十萬；麒二百六十六萬；以斥計八千萬；他竹木、鐵石之需稱是。
計糜制錢以貫百二十六萬有奇，白金以兩萬七千有奇。猶有余財累數十萬，以浚池濠、筑護堤、復貢院，次第悉舉，是皆圣德感召，都市遐通，胥勸展柔，錯事榮力群效，而于乃籍手以有成也。
民生于焉，安業(yè)明神；祀于焉，復其常職。子既幸受其成，又以為異。時求地志者必將有考于斯也。
于是乎書其藩臬兩使，以下及汴士大夫有勞者，前以名入告。
詔書褒勵，備矣。具終始厥事，如鄔君先從御河，繼總城筑，勤勞尤至；王、張二君勸分節(jié)用，亦其亞也。依古金石之例，宜并書焉。
兵部侍郎、兼都察院右副都御史、巡撫河南等處地方兼提鎮(zhèn)銜、長白鄂順安撰。
前兩江總督（總督兩江等處地方提督軍務、糧饟、操江、統(tǒng)轄南河事務、
兵部尚書兼都察院右都御史、兼管兩淮鹽政）、河南巡撫（兵部侍郎、兼都察院右副都御史、巡撫河南等處地方兼提督銜）武威牛鑒書。
道光二十四年歲次甲辰十月上浣吉旦。
中文白話：
《重修河南省城碑記》
中州即河南，左右接壤齊、晉兩地，像雙翼一樣拱衛(wèi)京師，是國家西南的重要屏障。省城位居其間，地勢尤其雄偉險要；其城池最初修建于唐代李勉治河南時。
趙宋以后，城池或擴建或修復；到了明末戰(zhàn)亂之時，大水洶涌，泥沙淤積，洪流漫灌，幾乎將城池的遺跡全部毀盡。
我朝興盛開國之初，始再次重建此城，其位置正是宋代的內京城。周長二十多里，形勢壯麗巍峨。至今近兩百年，乾隆初年雖曾整修，但未能全面大修。
道光二十一年六月，黃河在張灣一帶漫溢，決口處沖破護堤直入省城，四面洪水圍繞、漲浪涌動，幾乎要淹沒城墻。
當時前任河南巡撫牛公（牛鑒）正身處水勢沖擊之處，他率領官員百姓晝夜登上城墻守御，堅守數月之久。奉詔回京，途經黃河聞警訊，被立即責令星夜重回河南。于是牛鑒乘舟登城十分兇險，我與牛公共同竭力抵御洪水。
當時正值黃河大汛，水勢砰訇如雷，沖擊蕩漾，城墻被沖毀之處動輒數十丈、上百丈。城池多處瀕臨危亡，僅有少數僥幸保全。
牛公被調任兩江總督后，由我接管河南巡撫一職。之后又經歷抵御侵寇的作戰(zhàn)。
第二年二月，黃河才恢復原道，而這段城池被洪水圍困已達兩百多日。城墻坍塌，外側沙石堆積如山。想要修復，但工程浩大，費用無著落。
開封府知府鄒鳴鶴，聯合本地紳士；前襄陽府知府王君、前福建閩縣知縣張君等共同商議，決定自愿捐輸，并請求我主持其事。國家恩澤恩及此地，地方民風醇厚，好義樂助，因此大家踴躍捐款。
我遂奏明朝廷，照議施行。數月后，資金大量匯集，材料與工匠齊備，人力物力萬眾同心。
城池原本的高度為二丈四尺，如今增高一丈，又加高女墻六尺。
西北角及全西段、南側部分共六百余丈全部重建。支柱和木材依照舊制使用古法，筑城方法先清除舊沙，再以甃石加固。
全城五座大門與內西門均重新修建：
內西門升高一丈；宋門的洞口提高三尺，并重新開鑿水渠，使其通入惠濟河。
月城以及城樓、廟宇等設施也一一修復如初。
工程自道光二十二年三月開工，到第二年九月完工。
此次工程耗資極其巨大：
用石料八百六十萬，用磚二百六十六萬，合計八千萬余方；另大量木材鐵石等物資，耗費制錢約一百二十六萬貫，白銀兩萬七千余兩。尚有剩余資金數十萬兩，用于疏浚城池壕溝、修筑護堤、恢復貢院等工程，逐一完成。
這些工程，全賴圣德感召，本地士民皆踴躍參與，大家同心協(xié)力，終使工程得以完成。民眾從中得到安寧，百職百司也得以恢復常態(tài)。我既有幸承辦此事，自然有所感而記之。
后世若有修志者，必將參考此事。
于是我將參與者自藩臬（布政、按察）兩司以下及各位汴梁士大夫的功勞逐一致于名錄，上報朝廷。
朝廷也已對此加以褒獎。
自鄔君率先御河、繼而總管筑城之務，勤勞尤為卓著；王、張二君分工籌款，也功勞次之。依照古碑銘之例，應與工程事實同錄。
兵部侍郎、兼都察院右副都御史、巡撫河南等處地方兼提鎮(zhèn)銜、長白·鄂順安撰文。
前兩江總督（總督軍務、糧餉、操江，統(tǒng)轄南河事務；兵部尚書兼都察院右都御史，兼管兩淮鹽政）、
河南巡撫（兵部侍郎兼都察院右副都御史、巡撫河南地方兼提督銜）
武威牛鑒 題并書。
道光二十四年，甲辰年十月初吉日。
英文翻譯：
English Translation of “Record of the Reconstruction of the Provincial City of Henan”
Henan, situated in the central plains, borders the territories of Qi and Jin on both sides. Like a pair of wings, it safeguards and supports the Imperial Capital, serving as an important strategic barrier for the southwest of the empire. The provincial capital lies at the center of this region, and its terrain is particularly grand and formidable. The city was first built during the tenure of Li Mian, Governor of Henan in the Tang dynasty.
After the Song dynasty, the city had been expanded or repaired on several occasions. Yet by the end of the Ming dynasty, amidst warfare and devastation, torrents of water surged in, silt accumulated, and floodwaters poured across the land, nearly obliterating all traces of the ancient city.
At the rise of our present dynasty, the court ordered the city to be rebuilt once more. The location corresponded to the inner capital city of the Song. With a circumference of more than twenty li, it stood with impressive and commanding grandeur. Nearly two hundred years have passed since then. Although some repairs had been carried out in the early Qianlong reign, the city had never undergone a full-scale reconstruction.
In the sixth month of the twenty-first year of Daoguang (1841), the Yellow River overflowed near Zhangwan. The breach tore through the embankments and surged directly into the provincial city. Floodwaters surrounded the walls from all directions, waves rising and swelling, nearly submerging the fortifications.
At that time, the former Governor of Henan, Lord Niu (Niu Jian), was positioned precisely where the floodwaters struck hardest. He led officials and common people to man the ramparts day and night, holding their posts for several consecutive months. I was en route back to Beijing when I received urgent reports about the Yellow River. His Majesty immediately ordered me to return to Henan without delay. Thus, amid great danger, Niu Jian boarded a small boat, entered the flooded city, and I joined him in resisting and defending against the flood.
It was the season of the Yellow River’s great swelling; the waters thundered like rolling drums, crashing and shaking the walls. Sections of the fortification dozens or even hundreds of zhang in length collapsed into the torrent. The city was on the verge of total destruction, and only a few parts survived through sheer fortune.
After Lord Niu was transferred to serve as Governor-General of Liangjiang, I assumed full responsibility as Governor of Henan. Soon thereafter, we also faced military engagements against invading forces.
By the second month of the following year, the Yellow River finally returned to its original course. By then, however, floodwaters had surrounded the city for over two hundred days. The walls had collapsed in many places, and silt had piled up outside like hills. Reconstruction was necessary, yet the project was enormous, and no funds were available.
Zou Minghe, Prefect of Kaifeng, together with local gentry—former Prefect of Xiangyang, Lord Wang, and former Magistrate of Min County in Fujian, Lord Zhang—assembled and resolved to contribute funds voluntarily, requesting that I direct the undertaking. The Court’s benevolence had long nourished this region, and local customs were sincere and upright; thus the people eagerly supported the effort.
I submitted a memorial to the throne, and imperial approval was granted. Within a few months, substantial funds were gathered, materials were collected, and craftsmen and laborers assembled. Everyone worked with shared purpose and determination.
The original city walls were two zhang and four chi high; they were now increased by an additional zhang, with another six chi added to the parapets. The northwest corner, the entire western flank, and a section of the southern wall—over six hundred zhang in total—were all rebuilt. Pillars, beams, and timber followed ancient standards; construction methods called for clearing away the old silt before re-laying and reinforcing the stonework.
All five main gates of the city, as well as the inner west gate, were completely reconstructed:
The inner west gate was raised by one zhang;
The archway of the Song Gate was elevated by three chi, and a new water channel was dug to connect it to the Huiji River.
The crescent-shaped outer city, the gate towers, the shrines, and other associated structures were all restored to their former design.
Construction began in the third month of the twenty-second year of Daoguang (1842) and was completed by the ninth month of the following year.
The scale of expenditure was immense:
8.6 million units of stone,
2.66 million units of brick,
totaling over 80 million cubic units of building material;
vast quantities of timber, iron, and stone;
1.26 million strings of copper currency;
and more than 27,000 taels of silver.
Surplus funds, amounting to tens of thousands of taels, were used to dredge the moat, reinforce embankments, and restore the provincial examination hall. All these works were carried out in order.
These achievements were made possible by the moral influence of His Majesty and the collective effort of the local officials and people. Through unity and cooperation, the work was successfully completed. The people thereby regained security in their lives, and all administrative offices resumed their normal functions. Having been entrusted with this responsibility, I record the matter with deep reflection.
Future compilers of local gazetteers will certainly consult this account.
Thus, I listed all those who contributed merits, from the provincial treasuries and judicial offices down to local scholar-officials, and submitted their names to the court. His Majesty has already issued edicts of commendation.
Among them, Lord Wu first undertook the task of resisting the flood; later he supervised the reconstruction of the city walls—his diligence was especially outstanding. Lords Wang and Zhang, who organized fundraising and division of labor, followed closely in merit. According to the ancient custom of inscribing on stone, their names should likewise be recorded alongside the details of the project.
Composed by:
E’ershun’an of the Changbai Banner,
Vice Minister of War, concurrently Right Vice Censor-in-Chief of the Censorate,
Governor of Henan and Commander of Provincial Forces.
Inscribed by:
Niu Jian of Wuwei,
Former Governor-General of Liangjiang (in charge of military affairs, provisions, river defense, supervision of the Southern Canal,
Minister of War and concurrently Right Censor-in-Chief,
also Superintendent of the Lianghuai Salt Administration),
former Governor of Henan.
Written on an auspicious day in the first ten days of the tenth month,
in the twenty-fourth year of Daoguang (1844),
Year of Jiachen.
《東河總督兩江總督牛鑒書贊》
劉威
夫書者，心畫也，形之于筆墨，神之寄焉。昔者歐陽詢、顏真卿、柳公權，各抒其志，翰墨風流，流光溢彩，代有千古。然觀涼州鑒之書，乃承先啟后，卓爾不群，其書已入化境。
鑒之字，如其人，沉穩(wěn)端雅不失雄奇。筆勢遒勁剛中寓柔，行間氣息貫通，似滄海之奔流，滔滔不絕；如泰山之巍峨，穩(wěn)重巉巖。凡楷、行、隸、草，皆運之自如，若孔子所言“學而不厭，誨人不倦”，以修身養(yǎng)性為本，而用筆以達意境，有柳體之媚，顏體之骨也。
讀鑒之寶，觀其起收筆，或藏鋒含蓄，或出鋒縱橫，宛若《易經》之乾坤交泰，陰陽調和；或若《禮記》所述：“文質彬彬，然后君子”，字里之間，皆見修養(yǎng)睿智。其法度之精，若程頤論書曰：“書道者，必內修其身，外明其事?！辫b尤得其旨，筆隨心轉，心與墨通。
尤奇者，驚嘆之，其章法布局，疏密得宜，縱橫捭闔，仿若天兵布圖，蘊一股規(guī)則之力。凡觀其手跡，若乾坤之大，動靜有致，收放自如，猶如仙訣。每臨古帖，必先通讀上下，心隨帖動，而筆落紙端，墨跡連續(xù)，一氣呵成，無一字不精，無一劃不穩(wěn)。其書如《莊子·逍遙游》所云：“方生方死，方死方生”，活潑而不失法度，動而不生逾矩，有傳言曰：“鑒之才學詩情，朝野盡知；翰林帝師，文章墨跡，遍布南北”，然也。
凡書者，貴在得心應手而神采飛霞。鑒之書，莊重古雅，氣韻生動；既承古法，而自出新意；既有楷模，而不泥古板。士子名流帝王觀之，宜內省而效法；后學臨之，得其神而不徒學形。誠謂古今罕有，翰墨之盛，非徒筆墨可比，而是心力之彰也。
昔賢人言：“文如其人，書乃其心”，鑒書法之妙，可見其德與識之兼?zhèn)洌峭剿囀轮?，實乃襟懷之大者也。嗟乎，世間多有傳世名帖，然能兼涵宇宙之氣、持法度之嚴者，寥寥矣！鑒之書，真可謂筆精墨妙，運鋒所至，風云失色，神融形美，流芳千古，書法已臻大成也。
國朝乙巳年丁亥月文華殿大學士涼州劉威寫于北京海淀。
《贊牛鑒書法》
劉威
筆勢縱橫入化境，
墨香千載寄豪情。
山河安撫勤心力，
城郭重修顯德烈。
楷行隸草柳顏體，
章法布局自天設。
后學觀之心自敬，
翰墨光輝震古今。
本文編輯：文華殿大學士，又名慕容維維、慕容海洋，畢業(yè)于南開大學濱海校區(qū)，主攻魏晉十六國史 研究 、清代史學研究；涼州文化研究；南京文化研究；青藏文化研究；西北史學研究；中英交流史；西北天主教研究；涼州蓮花山遺址研究；牛鑒文化研究； 主要研究方向是大清帝國普通民眾的生活，也熱衷于撰寫既能講述故事又能提出論點的歷史著作。廣泛運用在西北進行的田野調查，特別是宗教寺廟遺址、墓志和碑刻資料收集，同時也利用了新出土文獻、碑刻墓志、傳統(tǒng)的檔案館和圖書館資源。我的研究跨越多個歷史時期，目前的研究方向是《西北史》的編篡和清代西北史以涼州府為中心的研究。
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